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BULLETIN 

OF THE 

STATE BOARD FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION 

In Co-operation with the Federal Board for Vocatiorjal Education 



Federal Aid for Vocational Industrial Education 
in Texas, under the Smith-Hughes Law 



W. F. DOUGHTY 

State Superintendent of Public Instruction and 
Secretary State Board for Vocational Education 



N. S. HUNSDON 

Director of Vocational -Industrial Education 




BULLETIN 76 FEBRUARY 1. 1918 



THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 
STATE OF TEXAS 

HiBTITTI r^ 



BULLETIN 

OF THE 

STATE BOARD FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION 

In Co-operation with the Federal Board for Vocational Education 



Federal Aid for Vocational Industrial Education 
in Texas, under the Smith-Hughes Law 



W. F. DOUGHTY 

State Superintendent of Public Instruction and 
Secretary State Board for Vocational Education 



N. S. HUNSDON 

Director of Vocational Industrial Education 




BULLETIN 76 FEBRUARY I, 1918 



THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 
STATE OF TEXAS 



A22fi-218-2M 






STATE BOAED FOE VOCATIOISrAL EDUCATION 



William P. Hobby^ Governoe, Chairman 

H. B. Terrell^ Comptroller 

Geo. F. Howard,. Secretary oe State 

W. F. Doughty^ State Superintendent and Secretary 



0. of ^* 
OCT 29 1118 



9 



rOEEWORD 

The Smith-Hvighes Law, providing Federal grants to the respective 
states for the promotion of Vocational Education, was passed by the 
Sixty-fonrth Congress., signed by President Wilson on Febmaiy 23, 
1917, and became effective as a law on July 1, 1917. 

The Thirty-fifth Legislature of the State of Texas accepted the pro- 
visions and benefits of this law and designated the State Board of 
Education as the State Board for Vocational Education to administer 
this law in Texas. 

The following approximate amounts of Federal aid are available to 
the State of Texas, during the next ten years, provided such aid is 
duplicated from State or local funds, or by both: 



Purpose. 



1917-18 



1918-19 



1919-20 



1922-23 



Salaries of teachers, supervisors and 
directors of agricultural subjects 

Salaries of Instructors in teacher- 
training in agricultural, trade and 
industrial and home economics sub- 
jects 

Salaries of teachers of trade and 
industrial and home economics sub- 
jects 



$ 29,974 72 



21,259 77 



11,090 71 



$ 43,853 67 

31,063 02 
16,445 13 



$ 57,791 26 

40,935 47 
21,671 72 



$ 69,687 89 

49,362 16 
26,133 06 



$ 79,543 61 

56,343 38 
29,828 84 



89,399 50 

63,324 50 
33,524 55 



Total .'. ..^ $ 62,325 20 



$ 91,361 82 



$120,398 45 



$145,183 11 



$165,715 83 



$186,248 55 



Purpose. 



Salaries of teachers, supervisors and 
directors of agricultural subjects.... 

Salaries of instructors in teacher- 
training in agricultural, trade and 
industrial and home economics sub- 
jects 

Salaries of teachers of trade and 
industrial and home economics sub- 
jects 

Total 



1923-24 



$ 99,255 00 

70,305 63 
37,220 63 



$ 206,781 26 



1924-25 



$ 118,966 42 

84,267 87 
44,612 40 



$ 247,846 69 



$ 138,677 82 

98,230 12 
52,004 18 



$ 288,912 12 



$ 138,677 82 

98,230 12 
52,004 18 



$ 288,912 12 



Total for 
10 years. 



$ 865,827 71 

613,322 04 
324,535 40 



$ 1,803,685 15 



Application for all Federal aid must be made by the local board of 
trustees, (school board, school committees or special board appointed 
for the purpose) in regular session, on forms provided by the State 
Board for Vocational Education. 

The purpose of this bulletin is to outline briefly the conditions gov- 
erning Federal aid for vocational industrial education in Texas, under 
the provisions of the Smijjh -Hughes Law, to explain the method of ap- 
plying for such aid, and to give such extracts from tlie Smith-Hughes 
Vocational Law as affect vocational industrial education. Similar bul- 
letins for agriculture and home economics are available. 

W. P. Doughty, 
State Superintendent of Ptiblic Instruction 
and Secretary, State Board for Vocational 
Education 



Austin, Texas, Febraary 1, 1918. 



CONDITIONS GOVERNING FEDERAL AID FOR VOCATIONAL INDUSTRIAL EDU- 
CATION IN TEXAS, UNDER THE PROVISIONS OF THE SMITH-HUGHES LAW 

(Based on the plan approved by State and Federal Boards for Vocational Education.) 

A. General conditions 

1. Supervision and control 

a. All vocational industrial education, for which Federal 
aid is given, shall be under the direct supervision 
and control of the State Board for "Vocational Ed- 
ucation. 

ISToTE. — Ko teacher, supenasor or director of 
vocational industrial education shall be employed 
or dismissed without the approval of the State 
Board for Vocational Education and the local 
board of trustees 

2. Purpose of act 

a. The purpose of the Smith-Hughes Law is to prepare 

for useful employment 

b. The puTpose of section three of the law is to train 

workers for specific trades or industries. 

3. Grade of work 

a. All vocational industrial education taught under the 
provisions of this Law shall be of less than college 
grade. 

4. Age of students 

a. All courses in vocational industrial education shall 

be designed to prepare persons over 14 years of 
age for useful or profitable employment in trades 
or industrial pursuits 

b. Pupils must be over 14 years of age to enter part- 

time industrial schools 

c. Pupils must be over 16 years old to enter evening 

schools. 

5. Duplicating of Federal funds 

a. All Federal funds for vocational industrial education 
must be duplicated by local funds. 

6. Expenditure of funds 

a. All Federal funds for vocational industrial education 
nuist be used exclusively for salaries of teachers of 
industrial education. 'No Federal money may be 
used for the purchase, erection, preservation, re- 
pair of any building, equipment, or for purchase 
of land. 



-6— 



B. Kinds of schools which may receive ■ Federal aid for vocational in- 
dustrial education 

1. Day schools Avhich are organized for a term of nine months 

a. Schools or departments giving trade or industrial ed- 

ucation to persons who have not entered upon em- 
ployment. Pupils in these classes must be 14 
years of age or over 

b. They must he in session for at least thirty hours per 

"week 
e. At least half the time must he given to practical work 
on a useful or productive basis 

d. Plant and equipment The State Board for Voca- 

tional Education will in every instance, before 
g'ranting any aid, make certain that the equipment 
is suitable, both as to quality and quantity, to in- 
sure that the instruction in the trades or indus- 
tries taught can be carried on in a satisfactory 
manner 

e. Mmimimi for maintenance Owing to the many kinds 

of industrial work which may be taught, it is not 
possible to determine the minimum for mainte- 
nance. Tn every instance, however, the State 
Board, will be assured before approving the es- 
tablishment of a school or department that the 
amount appropriated is sufficient to insure that the 
services of a properly qualified teacher will be 
secured, and that a sufficient sum is available for 
the purchase of supplies and equipment for the 
satisfactor}^ conduct of the work 

f. Courses of study A course of study must provide for 

instruction, during- 50 per cent of the time, in a 
particular trade or industry on a useful or pro- 
ductive basis; the remaining 50 per cent must be 
devoted to the related Avork; i. e. (1) the drawing 
related to the trade taught, mathematics related 
to the trade taught, science related to the trade 
taaight, and (3) the non- vocational subjects. In 
e\'erj instance schools must submit courses of study 
before aid will be granted. Courses shall be for 
not less than one year, nor more than four years 
N"oTE. — A good division of the time will be 
50 per cent practical work; 35 per cent related 
work; 15 per cent non- vocational work.' The 
non-vocational work cannot be paid for from 
Federal funds. 

g. Methods of instruction The methods of instruction 

shall conform to the commercial shop' practices 
rather than to a series of isolated problems, however 
progressive in nature, and the methods of instruc- 



tion shall also carry out the course of study as 
suhmitted under "f" to the State Board when ap- 
plication is made for aid 
li. Qualifications of teachers In day schools three kinds 
of teachers will be needed : 

(a) Shop or vocational 

(b) Related subjects 

(c) ISTon-vocational subjects 

(a) For teachers of shop subjects an adequate 

trade experience ,will be required which, 
for the present, will consist of at least two 
years above the period required to learn 
the trade and an elementary school educa- 
tion or its equivalent 

(b) Related subjects teachers. Graduation from 

high school and two years' experience in 
the trades" which are to be taught, or at 
least four years education in a technical 
school of college grade, and successful con- 
tact with the trade or trades for which re- 
lated instniction is to be given 

(c) Non-vocational teachers must be good teach- 

ers who are able to arrange the contents 
of the subjects which they are teaching 
and to teach those subjects so as to meet 
the needs of pupils who are yet to enter 
wage-earning occupations in the trades and 
industries. This means that these teach- 
ers must understand not only the general 
problems of vocational education, and be 
in spiipathy with the vocational movement, 
but that they miiist also understand enough 
of the needs of those who are engaged in 
wage-working occupations to deal with 
these pupils effe(?tively. 
i. Schools in cities and towns of less than 25,000 popu- 
lation may be modified as follows : 

(a) Length of course may be shortened to not 

less than twenty-five (25) hours per week, 
it being understood that at least half of 
this time will be given to shop work on a 
useful and productive basis 

(b) The length of the courses shall be not less 

than eight months per year 
N"oTE. — Schools in cities and towns of less 
than 25,000 population are usually known as 
general industrial schools, and it is understood 
that the courses of study will prepare for use- 
ful employment in the trades and industries, 
but will not be required to be so distinctly trade 



preparatory for particular industrial occupations 
as those in cities of greater population. 

2. Part-time schools 

a. Part-time schools organized to give instruction to 

those pupils who have entered oji emplo'3nment miay 
receive Federal aid, provided the time covered by 
such classes is not less than 144 hours per year 

b. Part-time trade extension schools may be organized 

to give instruction to persons employed in trades 
or industries. Such instruction must be of a 
nature- to extend their trade knowledge. Pupils 
who are under 14 years of age may not be ad- 
mitted 
e. General continuation schools 

Part-time schools may be organized for: 

1. Increasing skill or knowledge in the occupar 

tion which the wage-worker is following 

2. Increasing the skill or knowledge of the worker 

so as to lead to promotion 

3. Improvement in the knowledge of regular sub- 

jects which the wage-worker did not com- 
plete in school 

4. Increased civic or vocational intelligence. 

N'oTE. — The work is designed for pijpils be- 
tween 14 and 18 years of age. 

d. Plant and equipment 

The plant and equipment for part-time schools or 
classes shall be suitable and adequate to carry 
on the work properly. Other work going on in 
the same building must not be permitted to in- 
terfere in any way with part-time classes 

e. Minimum for maintenance 

As in the: all-day schools, no part-time school shall 
receive any Federal aid unless the State Board 
is fully satisfied that the annual expenditure for 
maintenance is sufficient to properly carry on 
-the work 

f. Courses of study 

1. For trade extension the courses shall provide 

subjects, which will directly assist the worker 
for promotion in the trade which he is fol- 
lowing 

2. For continuation schools, the training shall be 

such as to improve the general knowledge of 
wage-earners 

g. Methods of instruction 

The pupil's actual needs should be ascertained by 
interviews with employers, foremen, parents, 
teachers, and others, and by observations while 



-9— 



W 



he is at work, then instruction most necessary 
to meet his needs should be given 
h. Qualifications of teachers 

1. The same qualifications will be required for 
, teachers of part-time schools as for teachers 

of day schools 
i. Teachers of general continuation schools. See state- 
inent (c) under day schools above. 

3. Evening schools 

a. The instruction shall be supplementary to the day 

employment; the aim shall be to increase skill or 
knowledge of the worker and lead to promotion 
in that work. Classes will be limited to persons 
16 years of age or over 

b. The plant and equipment must be sufficient in quality 

and quantity to afford proper instruction 

c. The minimum for maintenance shall be sufficient to 

satisfy the State Board that competent teachers 
will be employed and a high degree of efficiency 
will be maintained 

d. Courses of study: (1) Much of the evening school 

work will be short course work designed to meet 
special needs of expaiienced workers in industry, 
and this can be most effectively given when work- 
ers in similar or allied occupations are gi'ouped 
together. (2) The instruction will supplement 
the daily emplo^onent and thus improve the stand- 
ing of the workers in particular industries. The 
instruction may be in shop or related subjects or 
both 

e. Methods of instruction : The instruction is to take 

workers in the stage of preparation in which they 
are found and instruct them in matters supple- 
, mentary to their experience in their callings. This 
instruction involves the problem of finding a 
teacher for a group, rather than a group for a 
teacher. This also will involve the problem of 
constrncting short unit courses to meet the special 
needs of the workers 

f. Qualifications of teachers shall be the same as for 

shop teachers and related subjects teachers given 
under day schools. They shall be chosen because 
of special fitness to give instruction needed by 
each group. 



-10- 



METHOD OF APPLYING FOE FEDEEAL AID FOE VOCA- 
TIOI^AL INDUSTEIAL EDIJCATION 

All applications for Federal aid for vocational industrial education 
must be made on Form D135, copies of which may be obtained by ad- 
dressing the State Board for Vocational Education, Aiistin, Texas. 

The application must be made in duplicate, one copy forwarded to 
the State Board for Vocational Education, and the other filed with the 
secretary of the local board of trustees. Upon receipt of the appli- 
cation, the Director will inspect the school applying for aid, and report 
to the State Board for Vocational Education, who in turn will pass 
upon the application. 

EXTEACT FEOM THE SMITH-HUGHES LAW, EELATIVE TO 
THE TEAimKG- OF IKDUSTEIAL WOEKEES 

Sec. 11. That in order to receive the benetits of the appropriation 
for the salaries of teachers of trade, home economics, and industrial 
subjects the State board of any State shall provide in its plan for 
trade, home economics, and industrial education that such education 
shall be given in schools or classes under public supervision or con- 
trol; that the controlling purpose of such education shall be to tit for 
useful emplo}Tiient ; that such education shall be of less than college 
grade and shall be designed to meet the needs of persons over fourteen 
years of age who are preparing for a trade or industrial pursuit or who 
have entered upon the work of a trade or industrial pursuit; that the 
State or local community, or both, shall provide the necessary plant 
and equipment determined upon by the State board, with the; approval 
of the Federal Board for Vocational Education, as the minimum re- 
quirement in such State for education for any given trade or industrial 
pursuit; that the total amount expended for the maintenance of such 
education in any school or class receiving the benefit of such appropri- 
ation shall be not less annually than the amount fixed by the State 
board; with the approval of the Federal board, as the minimum for 
such schools or class in tlie State; that such schools or classes giving 
instruction to persons who have not entered upon employment shall 
require that at least half of the time of such instruction be given to 
pra,ctical work on a useful or productive basis, such, instruction to ex- 
tend over not less than nine months per year and not less than tliirty 
hours per week; that at least one-tliird of the sum appropriated to any 
State for the salaries of teachers of trade, home economics, and indus- 
trial subjects shall, if expended, be applied to part-time schools or 
classes for Avorkers over fourteen years of age who have entered upon 
employment, and such subjects in a part-time school or class may 
mean any subject given to enlarge the civic or vocational intelligence 
of such workers over fourteen and less than eighteen years of age; 
that such part-time schools or classes shall provi(^e for not less than 
one hundred and forty-four liours of class room instruction per year; 
that evening industrial schools shall fix the age of, sixteen years as a 
minimum entrance requirement and shall confine instruction to that 
which is supplemental to the daily employment; that the teachers of 



—11— 

any trade or industrial subject in any State shall have at least the 
niinimiim qualifications for teachers of such subject determined upon 
for such State by th.e State board, with the approval of the Fed- 
eral Board for Vocational Education:- Provided, That for cities and 
towns of less than twenty-five thousand population, according to the 
last preceding United States census, the State board, with the approval 
of the Federal Board for Vocational Education, may modify the con- 
ditions as to the length of course and hours of instruction per week for 
schools and classes giving instruction to those who have not entered 
upon employment, in order to meet the particular needs of such cities 
and towns. 

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RELATING TO INDUSTRIAL 
EDUCATION, AS' GIVEN IN BULLETIN NUMBER ONE- 
FEDERAL BOARD FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION 

I. What should he the entrance requirements for the^ all-day schoohf^ 
Answer. While a minimum age of M is the only requirement in 

the Smith-Hughes Act, the Federal board recommends that care be 
taken to secure pupils who are physically and mentally able to do the 
work required. While neither an absolute nor a unifonn standard as 
to educational qualification? can be fixed, experience shows that pupils 
failing to make normal progress in the regular schools rarely do satis- 
factory vocational work. Ability to do the work of the all-day indus- 
trial school should be the determining test even after admission. A 
probationar}^ period of attendance \n]\ enable the school to determine 
the boy's or girFs real abilitv. Communities maintaining all-day voca- 
tional schools should offer their opportunities to all capable boys and 
girls and should see to it that such schools do not become the resort 
of the undesirable, feeble-minded, or the physically weak. 

II. When pupils uwrh in a class and in a privately owned shop on 
alternate days, weelcs, or months, are sucli schools to he considered all- 
day^ or part-time f''' What principles are to determine in any given 
year? 

Answer. The determining factor is whether the pupils, when in 
such shop, are entirely under the super\'ision and control of the school. 
If they are, it is an all-day school. If not, it is a part-time school. 
This is true regardless of the fact that the pupils are, or .are not, paid. 

1 u * * « That such education shall be of less than college grade and shall be 
designed to meet the needs of persons over 14 years of age who are preparing for 
a trade or industrial pursuit or Avho have entered upon the work of a trade or 
industrial pursuit." (Sec. 11.) 

- " * * * That such schools or classes giving instruction to persons who have 
not entered upon employment shall require that at least half of the time of such 
instruction be given to practical work on a useful or productive basis, such in- 
struction to extend over not less than nine months per year and not less than 
thirty hours pfer week." (Sec. 11.) 

3 u » * * That at least one-third of the sum appropriated to any State for 
the salaries of teachers of trade, home economics, and 'indu,strial subjects shall, if 
expended, be applied to part-time schools or classes for workers over 14 -years of 
age who have entered upon employment." (Sec. 11.) 



-12— 



The final test is whether or not the shop work is carri"ed on independ- 
ently or as an integral part of the school. 

III. What is meant, in section 11, Jjy the requirement thatl instruc- 
tion in an industrial or trade subject shall extend over not less than 
nine months per year?^ 

Answer.' This section is interpreted by the Federal board as requir- 
ing a day industrial school to be in session during nine months of four 
weeks each, regardless of the' calendar months, and including only such 
holidays as are commonly observed by the regular public schools. 

IV. What is m.eant hy "hours" in the requirement that instruction 
in industrial, home economics, or trade subjects in a day school shall 
he given for not Jess than SO' hours per weehf^ 

Answer. By hour is meant a period of 60 minutes, the ^^clock hour" 
being intended rather than that Shorter recitation or study period some- 
times called by schools an "hoisr." 

V. What is meant hy practical worJc on a useful or productive hasis? 
Answer. This is interpreted to mean work similar tO' that carried 

on in the particular trade or industry taught. Such work is on a use- 
ful or productive basis when it results in a product of economic value 
comparable with that produced by a standard shop or factory. 

VI. What' worTc, other than shop worJcy given in an all-day school, 
may he included in the term "industrial subjects" for which teachers 
may he paid, in part, from. Federal moneys? 

Answer. The State board must be satisfied that such work is in- 
herent in the vocation taught in the school and is a, subject which 
enlarges the trade knowledge of the worker. For example, in a ma- 
chine-shop school which gives at least three hours a day to shop^ work, 
a part of the remaining time might be given to^ such topics as machine- 
'shojD mathematics, drawing as related to the machine-shop trades, 
science applied to the machine shop, and the hygiene of the trade. In 
a school which teaches printing time devoted to related studies might 
be given to such subjects as estimating costs, English for printers, art 
in printing — such as the layout of a paper, proper margins and title 
pages — science as related to printing, and hygiene of the trade. Be- 
fore such work in related subjects can be reimbursed from Federal 
funds the State board must be satisfied that the teacher has had satis- 
factory contact with, the vocation in which the related work is supple- 
mentary. 

VII. The act^ fixes the age of 16 years as a m,inimu\m- entrance re- 
quirement for evening industrial schools. Does this mean that such 

1 " * * « That such schools or classes giving instruction to persons who have 
not entered upon employment shall require that at least half of the time of such 
instruction he given to practical work on a useful or productive basis, such in- 
struction to extend over not less than nine months per year and not less than 30 
hours per Aveek." (See. 11.) 

2 u « * * That evening industrial schools shall fix the age of 16 years as a 
minimum entrance requirement * * *." (Sec. 11.) 



-13— 



schools shall he open to persons 16 years or over, or may a State estab- 
lish ail enlrance age requirement ahove 16 years'? 

Answer. Congress in enacting this provision has not declared that 
a minimum entrance requirement shall be lixed at not less than 16 
years, but has specifioally prescribed 16 years as the requirement. The 
Board is of the opinion that this requirement is mandatory, and that 
consequently if the Federal funds are to be used to aid States in con- 
ducting education in schools of this character, such schools must be 
open to persons 16 years and over. 

VIII. The statute requires thai < schools which give instruction to 
persons who have not entered upon employment, shall require that at 
least' half the time of such instruction he given to practical worJc on a 
useful or productive hasis, such instruction to extend over not less 
than nine months every year and not less than SO hours per weelc.^ 
Shall the half time for practical work he hased on the minimum num- 
ber of hours per weeh required by the statute or on the maximum 
number of hours which the school operates? 

Answer. The board believes that the effect of the provision referred 
to in this question is twofold. (1) It requires that at least one-half 
the time given to instruction shall be devoted to practical work, irre- 
spective of the number of hours per week required of students; (2) 
it establishes a minimum period of instruction. These requirements 
are in no way connected, but are, on the contrai-y, separate and dis- 
tinct, and each must be given full force and effect. Consequently in 
cases Avhere it is proposed to conduct schools^ for a longer period than 
the minimum prescribed l:)y the act, the half time for prRtical work 
must be based on the number of hours during which the school operates. 

IX. What hinds of worJc in part-time schools or classes ivill be en- 
titled to reimbursement from Federal moneys? 

Answer. It is neither possible nor advisable at the present stage of 
development of part-time schools and classes to define the many varie- 
ties and types which now, or in the future, may be entitled to national 
aid under section 3 of the Smith-Hughes Act. 

In general Federal moneys may be used to pay the salaries of teach- 
ers employed in those part-time schools or classes where wage-working 
boys or girls receiA-e nny or all of the following benefits: 

(a) Increased skill or knowledge in the occupation which the wage- 
worker is followins:. 

(b) Skill or knowledge leading to promotion in the industry or 
calling wherein the wage- worker is engaged. 

(c) Improvement in the knowledge of regular si'ibjects which the 
wage-worker did not complete in school. 

(d) Increased civic or vocational intelligence. 

1 a * * * That such schools or classes giving instruction to persons who have 
not entered upon employment shall require that at least half of the time of such 
instruction be given to practical work on a useful or productive basis, such 
instruction to extend over not less than nine months per year and not less than 
30 hours per week * * *." (Sec. 11.) 



— 14r— . 

(e) Skill and knowledge in home economics for girls employed as 
wage- workers. 

In general any part-time school mnst be in session during a pari 
of the working time (day, week, month, or year) of its pupils; while 
an evening school or class must be in session outside the regular work- 
ing hours of its p'upils. 

When a community asks the State board to certify a part-time school 
or class for Federal aid, the board should require the local authorities 
to state the aim or aims of such school or class in terms of the ap- 
proved benefits for wage-working 3rouths set forth above. The State 
board should then measure the school or class, both at starting and 
while under supervision, by the standards which that school or class 
must establish in the light of its declared aims. To do this, the board 
must have full knowledge of all such facts as the occupations of the pupils,^ 
the! length of the course in hours per day, week, month, or year, the 
plant and equipment, the courses of study, methods of instruction, and 
qualifications of teachers. 

The number of aim.s or benefits which the school or class is to un- 
dertake should be governed by the number of hours available for in- 
struction; and pupils should be so grouped and taught as to deal defi- 
nitely with one aim at a time. Preferably, the aims should be few to 
insure effective results; and care should be taken not to attempt in- 
consistent or conflicting aims with the same pupils. For example, a 
part-time class, having but four hours per week for instruction, should 
not attempt for any given group more than two of the above aims as 
a maximum. 



X. What is meant hy the expression "evening industrial schools 
* * * shall confine instruction to that ivhich is supplemental to .the 
daily employment"?^ 

Answer. Evening instruction can be given only in such subjects as 
will increase skill or knowledge in the occupation in which the worker 
is engaged as his daily employment, or as will lead to promotion or 
advancement in that work. The time available in an evening school is 
SO' short that it is impossible to teach a skilled trade to anyone unless 
he is engaged in daily work affording him- opportunity to apply the 
skill or knowledge gained in the evening school, or unless the daily 
employment gives an experience which will enable the worker, with the 
knowledge or skill acquired in an evening school, to secure promotion 
in that occupation. The work can be most eifectively given when work- 
ers in similar or allied occupations are grouped together. 

i«* * * That evening industrial schools * * * shall confine instruction' 
to that which is supplemental to the daily employment." (Sec. 11.) 



